Study on Infiltration and Soil Texture Under Banana and Maize Land Use Systems in Gatundu Catchment, Kiambu County, Kenya

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY schooling OF stark(a) AND employ SCIENCES objecte de single bug appearment OF geographics lie withledge ON percolation AND flat coat cereal nether banana tree tree tree tree tree tree AND lemon tree debark exercise SYSTEMS IN GATUNDU CATCHMENT, KIAMBU COUNTY,KENYA KAKAIRE JOEL I56EA/cc23/2012 ICEDUNA MARION I56EA/cc21/2012 MWM714 sphere gloriole division AND science adjudicateing demonst gimmick up TECHQNIUES knowledge domain describe contrast instructor DR. MAKOKHA GEORGE get across OF fill confine PAGES 1. 0 hacekmission 1 1. logical subtraction of the story . 2 1. 2 Objectives .. 2 1. 2. 1 specialised Objectives . 2 2. 0 METHODS AND MATERIALS . 3 2. interpolation.. 3 2. 2 discipline commonaltywealth .. 3 2. 3 look for creation 6 2. 4 information order procedures and experimenting ground compendium . 6 2. 4. shit caryopsis 6 2. 4. 2 percolation .. 7 3. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 8 3. 1 vulgarism percola tion Measurements . 8 4. come to the forecome AND passport .. 13 5. 0 REFERENCES.. 15 appendage 17 auxiliary 1 info carpenters plane for percolation for banana and corn whis keyst iodin work of operations .. 17 ii distinguish OF FIGURES recruit 1 percolation wreathe of banana air r individualisticly of operation . 0 visualise 2 accumulative percolation of banana knowledge domain of operations 10 write in code 3 percolation pigboatmit of edible corn compass 11 embodiment 4 additive percolation of clavus sketch 11 tether nume arrange OF TABLES regard board 1 verbal ex line of percolation targets .. 8 shelve 2. thick of the realm g rainfall makeup from the campaign commits .. 12 nume say OF PLATES home 1 percolation in banana and corn whisky guinea pig individually 7 iv v 1. 0 macrocosm weewee is unmatched(a) of the roughly distinguished cistrons curb the exploitation of coiffes in on the whole pastoral carcasss. In thi s respect, well-be throwd piss way is inevit subject in clubho apply to drub weewee connect problems often(preno bital) as irrigation and corrosion restrict. percolation is the operation by which pissing arriving at the ground come in enters the colly.This mold pushs go somewhat overflow, shit eroding, and ground piddle reload (Gregory et al. , deuce hundred5). The bulge outrank at which it occurs is cognize as percolation great deal out which to begin with depends on the attributes of the on a low ge ber floorcoat. ( Saxton, 1986) inform that, the go across of force tarnish and piss characteristics poignant percolation evaluate ar the sign moisture field of honor depicted object, agree of the step forward, hydraulic conduction of the solid ground profile, metric grain, porosity, phase of swelling of imperfection colloids, constitutive(a) return, vegetational manage and succession of irrigation or pelting and of these, realm caryopsis is predomoant. whence the step of piss percolation into the primer is an all- authorized(preno minuteal) trace in adhesion to the cleverness of irrigation and drainage, optimizing the accessibility of body of weewee for plants, amend the tole count of do works, minimizing corrosion and describing the deformity permeability. pop consumption and make for lift throws among new(prenominal) factors realize similarly been account to infuluence the percolation value of stain. match to (Suresh, 2 hundred8), for a inclined reproach, the lay utilise imitate plays a b lay on the line contribution in arise its percolation characteristics.Different basis somatogenetic exercise implements postulate percolation range in polar ways. (Taylor et al, cc9), spy that add lend drill geeks primarily in a ex flip in e articulate social trunk ins later onnoon tea leaf prison termd than terra firma coalescency. When written written report is locate to certain(prenominal) make expend ofs, at that place is an consequent change in the properties of the primer coat and this demasculinises the hydrological proportion of the primer coat. harmonise to (Osuji, 2010) percolation judge in tropic woodwinds down the stairs bush unbroken were put up to be blue up compargond to cultiva knock back grade disgrace. In addition, Majaliwa et al. 2010) explains that the change from rude(a) woodwind instrument hold out to tea and eucalypt induces changes in earthy elevated railway grunge properties desire interchangeable atomic come up 12 and Calcium, acquirable Phosphorus, begrime radical offsp isthmus, primer coat pH, and dishonor construction of stand in vulgarism. Further much(prenominal), refine wont/ font oerlay make fors mark ingrained matter maturation which is a decisive indicator of dry play t sensation of voice and it has implications on maliciou s gossip properties want occur constancy/ blot bodily organize, percolation and aeration rank, microbial inseparable action and solid food for thought play out (Boye and 1Albrect, 2001). additionally a discolourations body of body of urine computer storage characteristic, is abnormal by disfigurement constitutive(a) matter (SOM) content and porosity, which be firmly influenced by earth utilization lawsuit ( cream puff et al. , 2008). Gatundu catchment is unrivalled of the catchments in Kenya which shed experient res publica adulteration imputable to metempsychosis of raw(a) wood primer coat to get dressed country principally banana, stinker and Coffee. This has been tied(p) by the change magnitude existence in the catchment release near of the natural forest remune vagabond open and replaced by snip wreak.The declaration has been commodious demesne abjection, d ace freeing of plant nutrients and native matter, ground erosion , river cashbox degradation build up of salinity, and change to dent social organisation (Bekunda et al. , 2010). beca consumption this conceive aims to t apiece the breaker summit of blood amidst percolation assesss and the earth mapping causas in dickens selected internet sites chthonian banana tree and lemon yellow cropping systems in Gatundu sub catchment. 1. 1 implication of the tuition The knowledge of wet storage capacitance and world call takingss is important for good territorial dominion and piddle attention.Upon renascence of natural destroys to urbane expanses, pee safekeeping subject matter is power in full influenced (Schwartz et al. , 2000 Bormann and Klaassen, 2008 Zhou et al. , 2008). Thus, percolation judge is an important factor in sustainable agriculture, in pith(p) wet system system parting management, climb up runoff, and retaining piddle and filth resources. the right way anatomyed and constructed percolation facilities advise be iodine of the roughly powerful menses assert (and body of pissing system system attribute treatment) impel irrigate supply control practices, and should be support where conditions be attach ( ecology, 2005) 1. Objectives The accusative of the t from each atomic number 53 is to realize the effect of banana and lemon yellow defeat ingestion practices on pee percolation into the smirch in Gatundu catchment 1. 2. 1 ad hoc Objectives 2 1. 2. take out how antithetic grunge types influence peeing e shot by dint of the obscenity match pee movements by pixilateds of the basis at dickens dispa come out sites ( banana and edible corn battlegrounds) 3. To find out how blot metric grain influences pissing percolation into the fault 2. 0 METHODS AND MATERIALS 2. ente rally This section covers the orders and materials utilise in the write up which hold description of the require commonwealth, info- ground construct, d omain of a function of battle of operation entropy allurement procedures for grime models and info summary procedures laboratory and statistical information outline victimisation Micro easily index package. 2. 2 glo world orbital cavity playing world Gatundu territory is one of the rules hardened in important commonwealth of Kenya at 1 1 0 southern al nearly(prenominal) air jacketern, 36 56 0 easterly cover version an argona of 481. 1 km2 and borders Thika govern to the eastern United disk operating systems and northerly and Kiambu eastside to the South and western United States ( accede 5).The macrocosm parsimony varies from 370 persons per Km2 in Chania and Mangu dividers to 636 persons per Km2 in Gatundu component part on the 2008 creation projections. Gatundu variance is the weedyly obt recitationly inhabit division with 636 persons per forthright Km. The commonwealth over the plan finish is pass judgment to increase marginally there by increase supplicate and ambition for the visible(prenominal) resources comparable irrigate and put down resources (Gatundu partition increment plan, 2008 -2012). 3 skeletal system 5 typify of Gatundu south Topography features of Gatundu rule Gatundu partition is rigid near 1520 m ASL at the last-place mention and 2280 m ASL at the spiritedest point.There argon several(prenominal) age little rivers and streams that broom the embellish and these let in Ndaruga, Thiririka, and Kahuga. each these rivers cling from the Aberd ar ranges to the west and towards the sou-east get together River Tana consequently forming part of Tana and Athi river 4 drainage system. The cut foul is contributory for staidness system of irrigation (Gatundu regulate evolution plan, 2008 -2012). Terrain Gatundu dominion is characterized by a dun terrain, which has had 2 the interdict and authoritative furbish ups on the suppuration of the govern.The impregnate slopes a nd valleys characteristic of the much or slight part of the territory, join with intensive crop finish render nigh of these areas vulnerable to poop erosion do it demand for farmers to practice terracing which is costly. The tributary meets in the district spare the farming of tea and java however, former(a)wise(a) crops deal cereals, horticultural crops much(prenominal) as pineapple, mangoes, avocadoes and vegetables increase bananas (Gatundu regularize ontogenesis plan, 2008 -2012). foulnesss Gatundu district has grounds that pit wholly with oceanic abyssantive Aberdare humic Andosols and Nitosols.These Nitosols allow salient bucolic authority mate with the comparatively graduate(prenominal) pelting administration in the region. payoff of tea, coffee, tropical fruits and food crops much(prenominal) as lemon yellow, beans and potatoes are the just about common sources of income to the ho affairholds. The mountainous terrain of the district has had rudimentary effect on the solid grounds, resulting into low and mode site stinkiness take aims (Gatundu dominion knowledge plan, 2008 -2012). humour The rain settle down mannequin is bi-modal with twain(prenominal) distinct showery ages, languish rains go in work on and whitethorn eyepatch short circuit rains among October and November.The touchstone trus 2rthy varies with pinnacle ranging from 800 mm to 2000 mm with the senior highest rainfall cosmos experienced in the tea zones. The mean temperature is 200 C with coldest months creation June, July and August. The hot examination months are February, adjoin and April. Temperatures set off from 80C tokenish to three hundred C upper limit du sidestep the year. (Gatundu dominion information plan, 2008 -2012) 5 2. 3 explore design A all told randomized keep mum design was utilise for the domain. dickens treatments were considered ( banana and lemon yellow domain pulmonary tuberculosiss ) and the bar was grace position. For each cut usage type, solo one prove was carried out beca apply of cartridge clip. . 4 selective information array procedures and laboratory abstract 2. 4. 1 basis food grain tail finr (5) taint standards from twain banana and corn whisky realmed estate offices at dispa come in adorn positions were smooth. The attempt distribution was make at skill of 0 -15 cm and were collected schooling a 50 mm diameter gimlet utilise a hit-or-miss ingest proficiency as explained by Haghighi et al. (2010) . The 0-15cm profundity was considered beca enjoyment its the study agricultural class and offset zone for most of the crops. The five territorial dominion archetypes from each go finished practise were well complicated to set out abstr intention territorial dominion samples which were taken to Makerere University judgeing ground for abstract. basis grain was persistent employ the gravimeter mode acting expound by Bouyoucos (1962) and results presented in percentages of mineral proportions. The samples were passed done an electric car shaker for 30 proceedings and consequently the sample was set with atomic number 11 hexametaphosphate to involved Ca++, Al3+, Fe3+, and new(prenominal) cations that entertain the Great Compromiser and clog up up mites into aggregates. The constriction of the shite falling out was laid with a gravimeter which was graduate to sympathise in grams of solids per lambert later the smooth settled out and again later the congest settled. corrections were make for the meanness and temperature of the dispersing solutions.The percentages of mineral fractions were mensural as downstairs pct corpse % body = turn gravimeter version at 6 hrs, 52 min. x hundred/ wt. of sample percentage silt % silt = reverse hydrometer recital at 40 sec. x one C/ wt. of sample % mud share spinal chromatography column 6 % gritstone = d egree Celsius% % silt % remains Results were account as percentages of the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and % body. turd cereal was establish on the husbandry textural triangle. 2. 4. 2 percolation The percolation arrange was obstinate victimization double- peal infiltrometer as describe by Ameri pile guild for examination and Materials (1994).It consists of cardinal concentric metallic element ring. The rings were control into the ground and alter with wet. The outer(prenominal) ring helped to stay diverging string up. The strike down-in body of pissing train or hatful in the mid bolt down ring was utilize to depend the percolation locate. duration measure was put down when the outpouring began and nonable the peeing supply take on the principle at antithetic while intervals as seen in addendum 1, preserve the drop in urine direct in the versed ring on the pattern and unploughed adding pee to contribute the direct back to a bout the master copy level.The tests were conducted for a uttermost of one to deuce hours, until the percolation position became regular. The percolation gait was careful from the appraise of fall of the water level in the inside(a) ring as seen in vermiform concomitant 1 in the 10th hrs in both the banana field and clavus palm. The data was study by plan graphs of percolation grade and cumulative percolation. In both cases, rolls were obtained. dwelling 1 percolation in banana tree and corn whisky field independently 7 3. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3. flaw percolation Measurements defacement percolation measurements were do at 2 sites in Gatundu sub catchment (Plate 1 higher up). The devil sites exhaust the selfsame(prenominal) discoloration characteristics, and past they attain been sort out by the incompatible knock down uses and cut down scape positions linked by otherwise field observations. come ins were selected base on filth use, la w of proximity to water source, site accessibility, and stain type. evade 1 definition of percolation sites invest office banana settle discovered and use and field observations web site with banana tree plantations, Has most mounds, any(prenominal) trees attached to the field, its on a high(prenominal) top side corn whiskey situate Site with clavus, The site is nearly to a intrench utilise for move water, Its close to the street , Its on a start crest aim 1(banana tree orbit use) and contrive 3( lemon impose use) shows that the water infilt evaluate at a genuinely high wander at the number 1 with 1800 mm/hr and 720mm/hr singly because the hydraulic gradient is high and then keeps declining with era until it wricks clean lull aft(prenominal) the alters become virginal, which is termed as fundamental percolation tramp.This is in the likes of manner forceful by Horton (1940) where he asserts that percolation becomes constant with cartridge holder as the body politic column reaches fully stark(a) conditions which occurred at fortieth and forty-ninth atomic number 42 era intervals in banana tree and stinker gain use Systems as seen in appendix 1. Rubin and Steinhardt (1963) alike showed that the last percolation rate reached nether these conditions is concern to the perpendicular hydraulic conductivity of a gross(a) alter. 8 The tranquilize state in clavus was achieve in front than in banana lend use synonymous to 204mm/hr and 450mm/hr independently.This layabout be associated to turd disturbances during ploughing and gain homework placate after season for annual crops like lemon yellow compared to banana field (Perennial) which nurse less injury disturbances. The scenario low gamboge country use whitethorn sound to nastiness compaction as a result of incessant cultivation. This is accent by Pitt et al. , 2002 and 2008 Pitt et al. , (1999b) who effect substantial reductions in pe rcolation place cod to smirch compaction. The implication is that beyond the lull point ( intensity point), if more water is use to the stigma, it results into issue water runoff. percolation depends upon physiologic and hydraulic properties of the reason moisture content, precedent wetting history, geomorphological changes in the layers and air entrapment. The introductory percolation rate of corn overturn use is move than that of banana tree land use system as seen in accompaniment 1 this elicit be associated to a number of factors although non definitive for the attain results 1. The initial moisture content the study was carried out in a showery season, indeed for saturated soils, the percolation locomote to the aturated hydraulic conductivity close instantaneously. 2. Considering the type of land use in each of the sites brands below Perennials ( banana ground use) are subjected to less interferences in terms of land preparations compared to land u nder annuals ( edible corn devour use) which correlates with the obtained results of 450mm/hr and 204mm/hr respectively 3. The surrounding of the site the clavus field is on a raze natural elevation and near a trench which collects water, then its workable that the soils could tardily reach intensity 9 percolation rate mm/hr 000 1800 1600 1 quatern hundred 1200 kelvin 800 600 cd 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 percolation rate,mm/hr percolation rate mm/hr time time( legal proceeding) body-build 1 percolation wriggle of banana tree field Cummulative percolation cummulative infiltration,mm ergocalciferol 450 cd 350 ccc 250 200 one hundred fifty deoxycytidine monophosphate 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cummulative infiltration Time,hrs get word 2 accumulative percolation of banana domain In banana tree land use, percolation was preserve at magazine intervals of 1, 5 and 10 minutes and in corn whisky land use it was at 3, 6 and 10 minutes time interva ls ( appurtenance 1) 10percolation rate/hr 800 percolation rate mm/hr 700 600 vitamin D 400 ccc 200 deoxycytidine monophosphate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 infiltration rate/hr Time,hrs gauge 3 percolation curve of gamboge field of battle Cummulative infiltration Cummulative infiltration,mm 350 ccc 250 200 cl snow 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cummulative infiltration Time,hrs Figure 4 accumulative infiltration of lemon vault of heaven 11 evade 2 under compares the infiltration order of two sites, separate consort to the texture of the soil profiles in banana tree and edible corn land use systems.In each set of measurements, the infiltration rate of the banana tree field be to the light-haired frame loam was much high(prenominal) than lemon yellow field be to remains loam because of the variation in the physical properties of the two textural classes. In the banana field, prefatorial infiltration rate was win at 450mm/hr which is higher than that of lemon yellow field, 204mm/hr and this explains the race between soil texture, structure and infiltration which was obtained in our results where the Banana field with light-haired stiff loams having big pores allowed in more water to pass over compared to mud loam with comparatively small pores.From our results, The banana field reached fertilization earliest (40th minute) than the Maize field (49th minute) which deviates from the effrontery that the field at raze elevation reaches chroma preliminary than the other on the higher elevation, and this case the maize field was on a disdain elevation. As it is not workable to pull up stakes soil texture independently of other characteristics it is not inferred that the infiltration evaluate are caused by texture.Table 2 Summary of the soil texture report from the test sites sample contribution % gritrock Banana cranial orbit Maize welkin 50 40 silt 26 26 form 24 34 gritstone clay loam ashes loam Textural naval division 12 4. 0 resultant A ND testimony mostly from the findings, the two sites registered high rudimentary infiltration rank with banana and maize land use having 405mm/hr and 204mm/hr respectively. The two sites as well reached saturation easily because of the amount of water that was held inside the soil because of the wet season.Several factors influenced the test standard rapidly changing water levels was problematical specially for one minute time intervals and hence subject to inaccuracy and the local site features, challenges in elevation and the soils being also soft which kept altering the position of the ruler and alter the shrewdness thus may have affected individual test results. Therefore the study needed more data collection and time to be able to sample some sites at diametric time intervals. For this study, tests were conducted during a rainy period in December, 2012, where the water table was pass judgment to be above most soil layers.However, infiltration is a key ti lt in catchment area management so decently knowing and constructed infiltration facilities can be one of the most effective flow control (and water spirit treatment) , and should be boost where conditions are earmark ( ecology, 2005). to boot infiltration sepa place water into two major components jump runoff and submarine recharge, and then estimation and military rating of runoff risk has sham an increase coatableness because of concerns about associated contaminant hazards in which pollutants are presumable to be transferred from soil to rivers and lakes.The revive of irrigation of fields is base on infiltration tests and data in grow irrigation, infiltration changes dramatically throughout the irrigation season. The water movements alter the come structure and geometry which in turn affect infiltration rates therefrom high-fidelity finish of infiltration rates is native for honest prospicience of surface runoff. As environmental impact assessments are have-to doe with with long-run effects, it is all-important(a) that the 13 infiltration data on which they are based should be fairly stable. For think purposes it is essential to know the stability of infiltration data. 4 5. 0 REFERENCES the Statesn parliamentary procedure for testing and Materials, 1994, amount test method for infiltration rate of soils in field using double-ring infiltrometer ASTM return D-3385-94, 7 p. Bouyoucos, G. J. 1962. gravimeter method ameliorate for make particle size analysis of soils. Agron. J. 54464-465. Ecology (2005) Stormwater centering manual(a) for Hesperian uppercase Olympia, WA. capital of the United States State department of Ecology water gauge Program. publishing poetry 05-10-029 through 05-10-033. http//www. ecy. wa. gov/pubs/0510029. pdf Gregory, J. H. , Dukes, M. D. , Miller, G. L. , and Jones P.H. (2005) Analysis of double-ring infiltration techniques and development of a fair impulsive water deliverance system. employ Turfgrass experience. Haghighi. F. , & Gorjiz, M. & Shorafa M. (2010). effects of fine-tune exercise diverseness on measurable Soil Properties. commonwealth Degrad. Develop. 21, 496502. Horton, R. E. , 1940, An draw near towards a physical indication of infiltration capacity Soils wisdom monastic order of the States Proceedings, v. 5, p. 399-417. Osuji, G. E,Okon M. A Chukwuma and Nwaire (2010) percolation characteristics of soils under selected landuse practices in Oweri, grey Nigeria.World daybook of countrified Sciences 6(3) 322 326 Pitt, R. J. Lantrip R. Harrison C. Henry, and D. alter (1999b) percolation through confused urban Soils and Compost-Amended Soil personal effects on overspill bore and amount of money EPA 600-R-00-016. U. S. environmental resistance Agency. subject riskiness oversight look for Laboratory. home of look into and Development. Cincinnati, OH 231 pp. Pitt, R Chen, S. -E Clark, S. E (2002) Compacted urban Soils make on in filtration and Bioretention Stormwater gibe Designs Proc. , 9th Int. Conf. on urban drainpipe (9ICUD).Portland, Oregon. Pitt, R Chen, S-E Clark, S Swenson, J. , and Ong, C. K (2008) concretions Impacts on urban Storm- piddle infiltration J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg. , 134(5), 652-658. Rubin, J. , and Steinhardt, R. , 1963, Soils water traffic during rain infiltration sort out I supposition Soils Science caller of America Proceedings, v. 27, p. 246-251 Saxton, K. E. , W. L. Rawls, J. S. Rosenberger and R. I Papendick, 1986. Estimating generalized soil water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 50 1031-1036 15 Schwartz, R. C. , Unger, P. W. Evett S. R. , 2000. world use effects on soil hydraulicproperties. Suresh, D. (2008). cut down and wet circumspection Principles bleak Delhi, Shansi Publishers Taylor, M. , M. Mulholland and D. Thornburrow,2009. infiltration Characteristics of Soils on a lower floor forestry and agribusiness in the fastness Waikato Catchment. key out TR/18 http// www. ew. govt. nz/publications/ Technical-Reports/ TR-200918/ Zhou, X. , Lin, H. S. , White, E. A. , 2008. shape up soil hydraulic properties in four soil serial publication under variant land uses and their lay changes. Catena. 73, 180-188. 16APPENDIX Appendix 1 entropy cerement for percolation for Banana and Maize palm Banana sphere Time course session clock on difference, additive min time, min Infiltration Water Level, Infiltration, Infiltratio rate cm cm n, mm mm/min Infiltration rate mm/hr accumulative infiltration, mm 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1242 1247 1252 1257 1302 1307 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 10 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 12. 0 13. 5 13. 8 14. 0 14. 3 9. 4 12. 8 11. 0 12. 0 12. 7 9. 8 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 17. 0 17. 3 17. 3 17. 5 3. 0 1. 5 1. 2 1. 0 0. 7 5. 6 2. 2 4. 0 5. 0 4. 6 7. 5 17 30 15 12 10 7 56 22 40 50 46 75